Effects of Agronomic and Environmental Factors on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars: II. Phenological Phases and Dry Matter Production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.230Keywords:
dry matter production, plant development, phenological phase, planting dateAbstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L.) ecophysiology, including growth, development, and dry matter distribution, is influenced by agronomic and environmental factors. This study analyzed plant phenology and dry matter production in contrasting potato cultivars grown in southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, considering interactions among environmental factors (temperature, radiation, and photoperiod) and agronomic factors (planting date, PD, and plant density). The study evaluated three PDs in a randomized complete block design with four replications using four cultivars differing in maturity class. Later planting shortened the emergence-to-tuber initiation (E-Ti) period in two cultivars. Later planting shortened the tuber initiation-to-end of leaf growth period in “Spunta” but lengthened it in “Kennebec.” The period from end of leaf growth to maturity was affected by cultivar and PD, being generally shorter for the first PD and longer for the second. Temperature, radiation, and photoperiod influenced dry matter accumulation, depending on the phenological phase. Photoperiod influenced the E-Ti period, whereas temperature influenced later stages of crop development. A longer E-Ti period for the first and last PDs significantly shortened subsequent periods. The second PD appeared to be the most conducive to potato production in this region. Moreover, duration of the E-Ti period was inversely related to the combined duration of the other periods, explaining 56% of the variation in total dry matter. The longer duration of this phenological period contributed to higher dry matter production across the range of PDs analyzed in this region. Therefore, selecting an appropriate PD is essential for maximizing dry matter production. Maximizing yield requires moderate plant density and conditions favoring high harvest indices while avoiding excessive investment in foliage.
Highlights:
- The effects of planting date of four potato cultivars on tuber dry weight, tuber fresh weight, total dry weight, and foliage dry weight were analyzed.
- Planting date affected potato yield by influencing length of phenological periods and dry matter distribution, depending the maturity class of the cultivars studied (Shepody, Kennebec, Spunta, Bonaerense La Ballenera).
- Phenological phases emergence to tuber initiation, tuber initiation to the end of leaf growth, and the end of leaf growth to maturity were characterized by mean ambient temperature, incoming radiation, and photoperiod at the beginning of each phase.
- Crop development rates during these three phenological phases were primarily influenced by photoperiod and temperature, in a cultivar-specific manner.
- A longer emergence to tuber initiation phase did not imply a longer duration of the following two phases. Early or late planting accelerated plant growth processes without significantly altering the total duration of the growth cycle.
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