Black Skin, White Soul:
The Ambivalence of Blackness in the Vida prodigiosa of Fray Martín de Porras (1663)
Keywords:
Colonial hagiography, Blackness in colonial Latin America, Saint Martin of PorrasAbstract
The intersection of discourse on Christian universality and discourse on the specific corporality, morality, and spirituality of blacks produced different kinds of subjects of African descent in colonial Spanish American texts. The hagiography of Fray Martín de Porras, written in Lima in 1663 by Dominican Bernardo de Medina, represents Porras’s blackness ambivalently: it negotiates the negative symbolic values attributed to the population of African descent in colonial Lima while celebrating Porras as an autochthonous exemplary figure for the viceroyalty of Peru and the Dominican order in general. In this negotiation, Medina represents Porras through an eclectic assortment of characteristics "”some associated with the humble classes of Lima’s colonial society and others with the elite"”. This article shows that in Medina’s text Porras is an ambivalent, not hybrid figure: Porras’s soul is white and associated with the "white" Spanish/criollo elite class, while his body is dark and associated with the "darker" lower classes. In the text, the ambivalent description of Porras does not threaten the colonial power, but rather supports its hierarchies. By analyzing the dynamics of power at play in the construction of Porras’s ambivalent subject, we can reflect on the notions of blackness, hybridity, and ambivalence, and their relation to the growing interest in Afro-colonial topics in the field of colonial Latin American studies.
References
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Branche, Jerome. Colonialism and Race in Luso-hispano Literature. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 2006.
Brokaw, Galen. "Ambivalence, Mimicry, and Stereotype in Fernández de Oviedo’s Historia general y natural de las Indias: Colonial Discourse and the Caribbean Areíto", CR: The New Centennial Review, v. 5, n. 3, 2005: 143-165.
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Cahill, David. "Colour by Numbers: Racial and Ethnic Categories in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1532-1821", Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, 1994: 325-346.
Chaves María Eugenia. "La creación del ‘Otro’ colonial. Apuntes para un estudio de la diferencia en proceso the la conquista americana y de la esclavización de los africanos". En: María Eugenia Chaves (ed.). Genealogías de la diferencia: tecnologías de la salvación y representación de los africanos esclavizados en Iberoamérica colonial. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2009.
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Garofalo, Leo J., and Rachel Sarah O’Toole. "Introduction: Constructing Difference in Colonial Latin America", Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 7, 1, 2006.
García-Rivera, Alex. St. Martin of Porres: The "Little Stories" and the Semiotics of Culture. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1995.
Graubart, Karen. "The Creolization of the New World: Local Forms of Identification in Urban Colonial Peru, 1560-1640", Hispanic American Historical Review, 89. 3 (2009): 471-499.
Graubart, Karen. "‘So color de una cofradía’: Catholic Confraternities and the Development of Afro-Peruvian Ethnicities in Early Colonial Peru", Slavery and Abolition (2011): 1-22.
Hawthorne, Walter. From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1830. New York: Cambridge UP, 2010.
Hill, Ruth. "Before Race". In: Ruth Hill. Hierarchy Commerce, and Fraud: A Postal Inspector’s Exposé. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UP, 2005. 197-238.
Iwasaki Cauit, Fernando. "Fray Martín the Porras: Santo, ensalmador y sacamuelas", CLAR 3, (1994a): 159-184.
Iwasaki Cauit, Fernando. "Vidas de Santos y santas vidas: Hagiografías reales e imaginarias en Lima colonial", Anuario de Estudios Americanos, 51, (1994b).
Jackson, Richard L. Black Writers in Latin America. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1979.
Jouve Martín, José Rámon. Esclavos de la ciudad letrada: esclavitud, escritura y colonialismo en Lima (1650-1700). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2005.
Jouve Martín, José Ramón. "Public Ceremonies and Mulatto Identity in Viceregal Lima: A Colonial Reenactment of the Fall of Troy (1631)", Colonial Latin American Review, v. 16, n. 2, 2007: 179-201.
Leante, César. "Cecilia Valdés, espejo de la esclavitud", Casa de las Américas, n. 15 (89), 1975: 19-25.
Luis, William. Literary Bondage: Slavery in Cuban Narrative. Austin: University of Texas P, 1990.
Luis, William. Voices from Under: Black Narrative in Latin America and the Caribbean. Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 1984.
Martínez, María Elena. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2008.
Martínez-San Miguel, Yolanda. From Lack to Excess: "Minor" readings of Latin American Colonial Discourse. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2008.
Maya Restrepo, Luz Adriana. Brujería y la reconstrucción de identidades entre los africanos y sus descendientes en la Nueva Granada, Siglo XVII. Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura, 2005.
McKnight, Kathryn Joy. "Blasphemy as Resistance: An Afro-Mexican Slave Woman before the Mexican Inquisition". In: Mary Giles (ed.). Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999: 229-53.
McKnight, Kathryn Joy, and Leo Garofalo. Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic world, 1550-1812. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2009.
Medina, Bernardo de. La Vida prodigiosa del venerable siervo de Dios Fr. Martín de Porras [1663]. México: Editorial Jus, 1964.
Meléndez, Juan. Tesoros verdaderos de las indias. Roma: Nicolás Angel Tinassio: 1681-1682.
Mignolo, Walter J. "Afterword: From Colonial Discourse to Colonial Semiosis", Dispositio 14, n. 36-38, 1989: 333-38.
Morgan, Ronald J. Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600-1810. Tuscon: U of Arizon P, 2002.
Navarrete, María Cristiana. Génesis y desarrollo de la esclavitud en Colombia: sigos XVY y XVII. Cali, Colombia: U del Valle, 2005.
Olsen, Margaret. Slavery and Salvation in Colonial Cartagena de Indias. Gainesville, FL: UP of Florida, 2004.
Osorio, Betty. "Brujería y chamanismo: duelo de símbolos en el Tribunal de la Inquisición de Cartagena de Indias". En: Lucía Ortiz (ed.). "Chambacú, la historia la escribes tú": Ensayos sobre cultura afrocolombiana. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2007.
O’Toole, Rachel Sarah. Inventing Difference: Africans, Indians and the Antecedents of ‘Race’ in Colonial Peru (1580s-1720s). Tesis doctoral, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2001.
O’Toole, Rachel Sarah. "The Most Resplendent Flower of the Indies’: Making Saints and Constructing Whiteness in Colonial Peru". In: Daniella Kostroun and Lisa Vollendorf (eds.). Women, Religion, and the Atlantic World, 1600-1800. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2009.
Pallas, Gerónymo. Missión a las Indias: de Roma a Lima: "misión a las Indias", 1619 (razón y visión de una peregrinación sin retorno). José Jesús Hernández Palomo (ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 2006.
Quijano, Aníbal. "Colonialidad del poder, cultura y conocimiento en América Latina". Walter Mignolo (ed.). En: Capitalismo y geopolítica del conocimiento: el eurocentrismo y la filosofía de la liberación en el debate intellectual contemporáneo. Buenos Aires, Signo, 2001.
Rama, Angel. La ciudad letrada. Hanover, NH: Ediciones del Norte, 1984.
Ramos, Julio. "La ley es otra: Literatura y constitución de la persona jurídica", Revista de Critica Literaria Latinoamericana, v. XX, n. 4, 1994: 305-35.
Rappaport, Joan. "’Así lo paresce por su aspecto’: Physiognomy and the Construction of Difference in Colonial Bogota", Hispanic American Historical Review, v. 9, n. 4, 2011: 601-631.
Restrepo, Eduardo. Eventalizing Blackness in Colombia. Tesis doctoral, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2008.
Restrepo, Eduardo. "El negro en un pensamiento colonial de principios del siglo XVII: diferencia, jerarquía y sujeción sin racialización". María Eugenia Chaves (ed.). Genealogías de la diferencia: tecnologías de la salvación y representación de los africanos esclavizados en Iberoamérica colonial. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2009: 118-77.
Root, Deborah. "Speaking Christian: Orthodoxy and Difference in Sixteenth-Century Spain", Representations, n. 23, 1988: 118-134.
Seth, Vanita. Europe’s Indians: Producing Racial Difference, 1500-1900. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2010.
Schwartz, Start B. "Spaniards, Pardos, and the Missing Mestizos: Identities and Racial Categories in the Early Hispanic Caribbean", New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, v. 71, n. 1-2, 1997: 5-19.
Solórzano y Pereira, Juan de. Política Indiana. Madrid: Diego de la Carrera, 1648.
Sweet, James. "The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought". William and Mary Quarterly, v. 54, n. 1, 1997: 143-166.
Sweet, James. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441-1770. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2003.
Tardieu, Jean-Pierre. Los negros y la Iglesia en el Perú: siglos XVI-XVII. Quito: Centro Cultural Afroecuatoriano, 1997.
Tiffany, Tanya J. "Light, Darkness, and African Salvation", Art History, v. 31, n. 1, 2008: 33-56.
Twinam, Ann. "Purchasing Whiteness: Conversations on the Essence of Pardo-ness and Mulatto-ness at the End of the Empire". In: Andrew B. Fisher and Matthew D. O’Hara (eds.). Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2009: 141-166.
Van Deusen, Nancy. Souls of Purgatory: The Spiritual Diary of a Seventeenth-Century Afro-Peruvian Mystic, Ursula de Jesús. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 2004.
Vinson, Ben. "Introduction: African (Black) Diaspora History, Latin American History", The Americas, v. 63, n. 1, 2006: 1-18.
Vinson, Ben. "Race and Badge: The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico", The Americas, v. 56, n. 4, 2000: 471-496.
Von Germeten, Nicole. Corporate salvation in a Colonial Society: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Africans and their Descendants in New Spain. Tesis doctoral, University of California at Berkeley, 2003.
Wade, Peter. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. 2nd edition. London: Pluto, 2010.
Williams, Lorna W. The Representation of Slavery in Cuban Fiction. Columbia: MO: U of Missouri P, 1994.
Zúñiga, Jean-Paul. "‘Morena me llaman"¦’. Exclusión e integración de los afroamericanos en Hispanoamérica: el ejemplo de algunas regiones del antiguo virreinato del Perú (siglos XVI-XVIII)". En: Berta Ares Queija y Alessandro Stella (eds). Negros, mulatos, zambaigos: Derroteros africanos en los mundos ibericos. Sevilla: Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 2000: 105-122.
Adorno, Rolena. "Nuevas perspectivas en los estudios literarios coloniales hispanoamericanos", Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana, v. 14, n. 28, 1988: 11-28.
Asad, Talal. Geneaologies of Religion: Discipline and Rehaznos of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1993.
Bennett, Herman L. Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2003.
Bennett, Herman L. Colonial Blackness: A History of Afro-Mexico. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2009.
Bhabha, Homi. "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse". In: Homi Bhabha. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge, 1994: 121-131.
Borja Gómez, Jaime Humberto. Rostros y rastros del demonio en la Nueva Granada: Indios, negros, judíos, mujeres y otras huestes de Satanás. Bogotá: Ariel, 1998.
Branche, Jerome. Colonialism and Race in Luso-hispano Literature. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 2006.
Brokaw, Galen. "Ambivalence, Mimicry, and Stereotype in Fernández de Oviedo’s Historia general y natural de las Indias: Colonial Discourse and the Caribbean Areíto", CR: The New Centennial Review, v. 5, n. 3, 2005: 143-165.
Bowser, Frederick P. The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650. Stanford, CA: Standford UP, 1974.
Burns, Kathryn "Unfixing Race". In: Margaret R. Greer, Walter D. Mignolo, and Maureen Quilligan (eds.). Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empres. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2007: 188-204.
Cahill, David. "Colour by Numbers: Racial and Ethnic Categories in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1532-1821", Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, 1994: 325-346.
Chaves María Eugenia. "La creación del ‘Otro’ colonial. Apuntes para un estudio de la diferencia en proceso the la conquista americana y de la esclavización de los africanos". En: María Eugenia Chaves (ed.). Genealogías de la diferencia: tecnologías de la salvación y representación de los africanos esclavizados en Iberoamérica colonial. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2009.
Cope, Douglas. The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebian Society in Colonial Mexico, 1660-1720. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1994.
Cornejo Polar, Antonio. "Mestizaje e hibridez: los riesgos de las metáforas. Apuntes". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana, v. 22, n. 47, 1998: 7-11.
Covarrubias y Orozco, Sebastián. Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española. Madrid: Luis Sanchez, 1611.
Cussen, Celia L. Fray Martín de Porres and the Religious Imagination of Creole Lima. Tesis doctoral, University of Pennsylvania, 1996.
Cussen, Celia L. "La fe en la historia: las vidas de Martín de Porras". En: Moisés Lemlij y Luis Millones (eds.). Historia, Memoria Ficción. Lima: Biblioteca Peruana de Psicoanálisis, 1996: 281-301.
De Certeau, Michel. The Writing of History [1975]. Trans. Tom Conley. New York: Columbia UP, 1988.
Del Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio. San Martín de Porras (Martín de Porras Velásquez). 2a Edición. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2002.
Fisher, Andrew B. and Matthew D. O’Hara. Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2009.
Forbes, Jack. Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1993.
Fra Molinero, Baltasar. El negro en el teatro del Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1995.
Fra Molinero, Baltasar. "Ser mulato en España y Amércia: discursos legales y otros discursos literarios". Berta Ares Queija y Alessandro Stella (eds.). Negros, mulatos, zambaigos: Derroteros africanos en los mundos ibericos. Sevilla: Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 2000. 123-47.
Fuchs, Barbara. Mimesis and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001.
Fuchs, Barbara. "A Mirror Across the Water: Mimetic Racism, Hybridity, and Cultural Survival". Writing Race Across the Atlantic World. Eds. Beidler and Taylor. New York: Palgrave, 2005: 9-26.
Garofalo, Leo J., and Rachel Sarah O’Toole. "Introduction: Constructing Difference in Colonial Latin America", Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 7, 1, 2006.
García-Rivera, Alex. St. Martin of Porres: The "Little Stories" and the Semiotics of Culture. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1995.
Graubart, Karen. "The Creolization of the New World: Local Forms of Identification in Urban Colonial Peru, 1560-1640", Hispanic American Historical Review, 89. 3 (2009): 471-499.
Graubart, Karen. "‘So color de una cofradía’: Catholic Confraternities and the Development of Afro-Peruvian Ethnicities in Early Colonial Peru", Slavery and Abolition (2011): 1-22.
Hawthorne, Walter. From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1830. New York: Cambridge UP, 2010.
Hill, Ruth. "Before Race". In: Ruth Hill. Hierarchy Commerce, and Fraud: A Postal Inspector’s Exposé. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UP, 2005. 197-238.
Iwasaki Cauit, Fernando. "Fray Martín the Porras: Santo, ensalmador y sacamuelas", CLAR 3, (1994a): 159-184.
Iwasaki Cauit, Fernando. "Vidas de Santos y santas vidas: Hagiografías reales e imaginarias en Lima colonial", Anuario de Estudios Americanos, 51, (1994b).
Jackson, Richard L. Black Writers in Latin America. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1979.
Jouve Martín, José Rámon. Esclavos de la ciudad letrada: esclavitud, escritura y colonialismo en Lima (1650-1700). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2005.
Jouve Martín, José Ramón. "Public Ceremonies and Mulatto Identity in Viceregal Lima: A Colonial Reenactment of the Fall of Troy (1631)", Colonial Latin American Review, v. 16, n. 2, 2007: 179-201.
Leante, César. "Cecilia Valdés, espejo de la esclavitud", Casa de las Américas, n. 15 (89), 1975: 19-25.
Luis, William. Literary Bondage: Slavery in Cuban Narrative. Austin: University of Texas P, 1990.
Luis, William. Voices from Under: Black Narrative in Latin America and the Caribbean. Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 1984.
Martínez, María Elena. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2008.
Martínez-San Miguel, Yolanda. From Lack to Excess: "Minor" readings of Latin American Colonial Discourse. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2008.
Maya Restrepo, Luz Adriana. Brujería y la reconstrucción de identidades entre los africanos y sus descendientes en la Nueva Granada, Siglo XVII. Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura, 2005.
McKnight, Kathryn Joy. "Blasphemy as Resistance: An Afro-Mexican Slave Woman before the Mexican Inquisition". In: Mary Giles (ed.). Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999: 229-53.
McKnight, Kathryn Joy, and Leo Garofalo. Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic world, 1550-1812. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2009.
Medina, Bernardo de. La Vida prodigiosa del venerable siervo de Dios Fr. Martín de Porras [1663]. México: Editorial Jus, 1964.
Meléndez, Juan. Tesoros verdaderos de las indias. Roma: Nicolás Angel Tinassio: 1681-1682.
Mignolo, Walter J. "Afterword: From Colonial Discourse to Colonial Semiosis", Dispositio 14, n. 36-38, 1989: 333-38.
Morgan, Ronald J. Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600-1810. Tuscon: U of Arizon P, 2002.
Navarrete, María Cristiana. Génesis y desarrollo de la esclavitud en Colombia: sigos XVY y XVII. Cali, Colombia: U del Valle, 2005.
Olsen, Margaret. Slavery and Salvation in Colonial Cartagena de Indias. Gainesville, FL: UP of Florida, 2004.
Osorio, Betty. "Brujería y chamanismo: duelo de símbolos en el Tribunal de la Inquisición de Cartagena de Indias". En: Lucía Ortiz (ed.). "Chambacú, la historia la escribes tú": Ensayos sobre cultura afrocolombiana. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2007.
O’Toole, Rachel Sarah. Inventing Difference: Africans, Indians and the Antecedents of ‘Race’ in Colonial Peru (1580s-1720s). Tesis doctoral, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2001.
O’Toole, Rachel Sarah. "The Most Resplendent Flower of the Indies’: Making Saints and Constructing Whiteness in Colonial Peru". In: Daniella Kostroun and Lisa Vollendorf (eds.). Women, Religion, and the Atlantic World, 1600-1800. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2009.
Pallas, Gerónymo. Missión a las Indias: de Roma a Lima: "misión a las Indias", 1619 (razón y visión de una peregrinación sin retorno). José Jesús Hernández Palomo (ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 2006.
Quijano, Aníbal. "Colonialidad del poder, cultura y conocimiento en América Latina". Walter Mignolo (ed.). En: Capitalismo y geopolítica del conocimiento: el eurocentrismo y la filosofía de la liberación en el debate intellectual contemporáneo. Buenos Aires, Signo, 2001.
Rama, Angel. La ciudad letrada. Hanover, NH: Ediciones del Norte, 1984.
Ramos, Julio. "La ley es otra: Literatura y constitución de la persona jurídica", Revista de Critica Literaria Latinoamericana, v. XX, n. 4, 1994: 305-35.
Rappaport, Joan. "’Así lo paresce por su aspecto’: Physiognomy and the Construction of Difference in Colonial Bogota", Hispanic American Historical Review, v. 9, n. 4, 2011: 601-631.
Restrepo, Eduardo. Eventalizing Blackness in Colombia. Tesis doctoral, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2008.
Restrepo, Eduardo. "El negro en un pensamiento colonial de principios del siglo XVII: diferencia, jerarquía y sujeción sin racialización". María Eugenia Chaves (ed.). Genealogías de la diferencia: tecnologías de la salvación y representación de los africanos esclavizados en Iberoamérica colonial. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2009: 118-77.
Root, Deborah. "Speaking Christian: Orthodoxy and Difference in Sixteenth-Century Spain", Representations, n. 23, 1988: 118-134.
Seth, Vanita. Europe’s Indians: Producing Racial Difference, 1500-1900. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2010.
Schwartz, Start B. "Spaniards, Pardos, and the Missing Mestizos: Identities and Racial Categories in the Early Hispanic Caribbean", New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, v. 71, n. 1-2, 1997: 5-19.
Solórzano y Pereira, Juan de. Política Indiana. Madrid: Diego de la Carrera, 1648.
Sweet, James. "The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought". William and Mary Quarterly, v. 54, n. 1, 1997: 143-166.
Sweet, James. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441-1770. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2003.
Tardieu, Jean-Pierre. Los negros y la Iglesia en el Perú: siglos XVI-XVII. Quito: Centro Cultural Afroecuatoriano, 1997.
Tiffany, Tanya J. "Light, Darkness, and African Salvation", Art History, v. 31, n. 1, 2008: 33-56.
Twinam, Ann. "Purchasing Whiteness: Conversations on the Essence of Pardo-ness and Mulatto-ness at the End of the Empire". In: Andrew B. Fisher and Matthew D. O’Hara (eds.). Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2009: 141-166.
Van Deusen, Nancy. Souls of Purgatory: The Spiritual Diary of a Seventeenth-Century Afro-Peruvian Mystic, Ursula de Jesús. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 2004.
Vinson, Ben. "Introduction: African (Black) Diaspora History, Latin American History", The Americas, v. 63, n. 1, 2006: 1-18.
Vinson, Ben. "Race and Badge: The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico", The Americas, v. 56, n. 4, 2000: 471-496.
Von Germeten, Nicole. Corporate salvation in a Colonial Society: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Africans and their Descendants in New Spain. Tesis doctoral, University of California at Berkeley, 2003.
Wade, Peter. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. 2nd edition. London: Pluto, 2010.
Williams, Lorna W. The Representation of Slavery in Cuban Fiction. Columbia: MO: U of Missouri P, 1994.
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Published
01-12-2012
How to Cite
Brewer-García, L. (2012). Black Skin, White Soul:: The Ambivalence of Blackness in the Vida prodigiosa of Fray Martín de Porras (1663). Cuadernos Del CILHA, 13(2), 113–146. Retrieved from https://revistas.uncu.edu.ar/ojs3/index.php/cilha/article/view/4106
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